Viruses -Virus : obligate intracellular parasites . -Virus contain two genomes DNA or RNA But not both . which contain :- ss : single stranded . ds : double stranded -Capsid :- protein shell that enclose the viral genome . -Capsid symmetry : (( cabic – helical – complex )) -Viral Enveloped : help in infect host and composed of lipid bilayer and glycoprotein -Bacterophage :- viruses that infect bacteria cell ( prokaryotic ) -Virion :- complete virus particle : nuclic acid + protein . it is extracellular phase of virus (( before virus enter host cell )) -Vector virus passed from host to host through direct contact and vector . -Nucleocapsid :- viral nucleic acid + protein coat . -Viroids : is naked circular single strand RNA that infect plants . it is the smallest known pathogens . -Prions :- is infectious proteins cause brain disease e.g :- mad cow and CJD in human . -DNA viruses replicate in nucleus of host except " poxvirus " ...
Chapter 21in haematology (multiple myeloma and related disorder)summary -The term paraprotienaemia refers to the presnce of a monoclonal immunoglobulin band in serum and reflects the synthesis of immunoglobin from asingle clone of plasma cells. -Multiple myeloma is a tumour of plasma cekks that accumulate in the bone marrow, release a prarprotein and cause tissue damage. The disease has apeak incidence in the seventh decade . -Almost all cases of myeloma develop from a pre-existing mnonclonal gammopathy of undetermined sigificance (MGUS)in which there is low level paraprotien and no 1% of cases progress to myeloma each year. -A useful reminder for the spectrum of tissue damage in myeloma is CRAB- hypercalaemia,renal impairment,anaemia,bone disease. -in patient younger than 75 years myeloma is usually treated bu intensve chemotherapy followed by anautologous stem cell transplant using stem cells harvested from the patient. -In older patiet chemotherapy alone is u...