Skip to main content

Haematology summray 2


Chapter 2 in haematology (Erythropoiesis and general aspects of anaemia)summary

-Erythropoiesis (red cell production) is regulated by erythropoietin which is secreted by the kidney in response to hypoxia. Erythropoiesis occures from mixed progenitor cells through a series of nucleated red cell precursors (normoblast ) to a reticulocyte stage , containing RNA but not DNA.

-Various shorts or long-acting manifestations of erythropoietin are used clinically to treat anaemia in renal failure and other diseases.

-Haemoglobin is the main protien in red cells. It consists of four polypeptide (globin)chains, in adult 2 alpha and 2 beta,each conatining an iron atom bound to protoporphyrin to form haem.

-The red cell has two biochemical pathways for metabolizing glucose, the Embdn-Meyerhof which generate ATP and NADH and the hexose monophosphate pathway which generates NADPH, important for maintaining glutatione which keeps cell protiens in the membrane and haemoglobine the reduced state.

-The red cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with a membrane skeleton of penetrating and integral protiens and carbohydrate surface antigens.

- Anaemia is defines as a haemoglobin level in blood below the normal level for age and sex. Itis classified according to the size of the red cell into macrocytes. The reticulocytes count , morphology of the red cells and changes in the white cell and,or platelet count help in the diagnosis of the cause of anaemia.

-The general clinical features of anaemia include shortness of breath on exeration ,pallor of mucous membrane , tachycardia .

-Other feature relate to particular types of anaemia.e.g.jundice,leg ulcers.

-Bone marrow examination by aspiration or triphine biopsy may be important in the investigation of anaemia as well as of many other haematological diseases.
 

From book: Essentail Haematology A.V.HOFFBRAND,P.A.H.MOSS.6EDITION

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Haematology summray 8

Chapter 8 in Haematology (Granulocytes and monocytes) summary -Granulocytes include neutrophils (polymorphs),eosinophils and basophils.They are made in the bone marrow under the control of a variety of growth factors   and have a short lifspan in the blood stream befor entring tissues. -Phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) are the   body's main defence against bacterial infection.Neutrophil leucocytosis occurs in bacterial infection and in other types of inflammation.Neutropenia , if severe, predisposes to infection. It may be caused by bone marrow failure, chemotherapy or radiotherapy drugs. -Eosinophilia is most frequently caused by allergic diseases, including skin diseases,parasitic infection or drugs. Ti can be caused by clonacal increase in eosinophils termed chronic eosinophil leukamia or an idiopathic condtion, often associted with tissue damage. -Detects of function of neutrophils and monocytes may affect their chemotaxis, phagocytesis oe killing. ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Heamatology summary 12

Chapter 12 in Haematology (Haematoloical malignancy: managment) summary -Progress in the treatment of haemopoietic malignancies has been the result of improvemnets in both supportive therapy and speicific tumour treatments. -Supportive treatments often include : insertion of a central nevous catheter; Appropriate use of red cell and platelet transfusions; Early administration of drugs to traet infection;Otimiziation of the blood coagulation system Drugs to reduce side effects such as nausea or pain;Psychological support. -Gram-positive skin organisms such as staphyloccus are common infections and often colonize central venous catheters. -Gram-Negative bacteria are usually derived from the gut and and can cause severe septicemia. -The use of air filters,handwashing and antibiotics can reduce infection rates . -Neutropenic patients who developa fever should be treated urgently with broad-spectrum antibiotics. -Herpes viruses are a common cause of infection in ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Haematology summary 18

  Chapter 18 in haematology (chroinc lymphoid leukaemias)summary -Chronic lymphocytic leukaemiaes are characterized by the accumulation of mature B or T lymphocytes in the blood. -Individual subtypes are distinguished on the basis of morphology,immunophenotype and cytogenetics. -Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL,B cell) represents 90% of cases and has a peak incidece between 60 and 80 years of age .There is genetic predisposition to development of the disease. -Most cases are indenified when a routine blood test is performed the patient can develope enlarged lymph nodes ,splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. -Immunosuppression is asignificant problem because of hypogammaglobuilaemia and cellular immune dysfunction. -Anaemia may also develop because of autoimmune haemolysis and bone marrow in filtration. -Diagnosis is usually performed by immuophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood which reveals aclonal population of CD5 + ,CD23 + B cells. -The best gu...
2 comments
Read more